TRANSFORMATION OF WORDS IN ENGLISH

2 Siakachoma productions 2016 Edition Email: cathynankulos@yahoo.com TRANSFORMATIONS (REWRITES)  Most of the pupils find it difficult to deal with rewrites. Basically, rewrites involveaddition, omission, replacement, alteration and synthesis. (a) Addition : This means that the transformed version has more words than the original. Examples  Mukupa lent me a suit.  I borrowed a suit from Mukupa. (b) Omission : This means that the transformed version has fewer words than the original. Examples  English is being taught by Siakachoma.  Siakachoma is teaching English. (c) Replacement : This means that the transformed version has structures that have beensubstituted by others. Examples  He was intelligent but he failed the test.  Although he was intelligent, he failed the test. (d) Alteration : This means the forms of some original words have been changed. Examples  You were supposed to go to town.  You should have gone to town. (e) Synthesis : This means that at least two sentences have been joined together to form one. Examples  The man has died. I saw him yesterday.  The man whom I saw yesterday has died. N.B: Note that one question can involve two or more of the cases above. Note also that the tense of the original sentence must be the same as that of the transformedversion except for two situations, as shown below. i. Changing direct speech to indirect speech and the other way round. Example  John said, “I am going to school.”  John said that he was going to school. ii. Dealing with the unreal past. Examples  It is a pity that the pupils are disobedient.  I wish the pupils were obedient. 3 Siakachoma productions 2016 Edition Email: cathynankulos@yahoo.com  Rewrites are usually taken from some structures that will be discussed in this paper. STRUCTURES A. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH  When we want to write down what a person has actually said we normally use directspeech.  The actual words spoken are placed between inverted commas, i.e. quotation marks. Examples 1. Maleele said, “It is cold today.” 2. “Who was the last person to leave?” asked Conrad.  From example 1 above, Maleele said , is a speech tag, and while “It is cold today.” areactual words spoken, (by Maleele). DIRECT SPEECH – PUNCTUATION RULES I). If the speech tag comes before the direct speech;  We put a comma after the speech tag.  We open with inverted commas before the first words of the Direct Speech.  We begin the direct speech with a capital letter.  We close with inverted commas after the final punctuation mark of the direct speech. Examples 1. Mumba said, “It is very hot today.” 2. Chad asked, “Where is my car?” II). If the speech tag comes after the Direct Speech;  We open with inverted commas before the first word of the Direct Speech.  We begin the direct speech with a capital letter.  We close with inverted commas after the last punctuation mark of the Direct Speech.  We add the speech tag, beginning with a small letter and ending with a full stop. Examples  “It is very hot today,” said Mumba.  “Where is my car?” asked Chad.  “Someone, help me!” cried the drowning man.